Dance yourself fit - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4933 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the study was to encourage young primary 4/ 5 school children to participate in skill based physical activity like dance which has better health benefits then the regular physical education sessions. Methods: An epidemiological cohort study was conducted in randomly selected three schools in Glasgow. 95 children participated out of which 64 underwent 16 weeks of dance training as an additional physical education session in schools by a trained dance professional. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dance yourself fit" essay for you Create order Control group (N=31) children attended the regular physical education session of the school. For both the groups measurements were taken at baseline, post 8 weeks and post 16 weeks of the intervention. The aerobic fitness and body fat percentage were the major criteria to assess the effectiveness of the study. Aerobic fitness was measured by 20 m shuttle run test and body fat was assesses by Tanita body composition analyser. Results: A significant improvement in aerobic capacity was reported in the intervention group with mean -1.71  ± SD 1.77; p value 0.001, 95% confidence interval for mean difference was in the range of (-2.34, -1.08). A reduction in body fat was also recorded with mean difference of 2.57  ± SD 18.04; p value= 0.35, 95% confidence interval for mean difference (-2.91, 8.06). Conclusion: The 16 week dance intervention has enhanced the aerobic fitness in children. The study suggests that a well planned entertaining skill based PE session can have p ositive influence upon increasing physical activity levels in young children. INTRODUCTION Physical inactivity is estimated to cause 2 million deaths worldwide annually. Furthermore it contributes largely to medical costs [1]. Engaging in regular physical activity is an essential element in preventing chronic diseases [2]. It is presupposed that improved physical activity in childhood can reduce the health risks associated with inactivity and benefit health both during childhood and adulthood [3]. However in recent years the inflating physical inactivity in children around the world has gathered considerable attention [4, 5, 6]. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has been attributed in part, to decrease in physical activity. The imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure is a major root for epidemic of child obesity [7]. A large proportion of children in Scotland are insufficiently active in order to gain subsequent health benefits, hence promotion of health enhancing physical activity to children has become a public health priority. G uidelines for Appropriate Physical Activity for Elementary School Children states that children should accumulate at least sixty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a day [8]. To a certain limit, a linear dose-response relationship between physical activity and health can be seen [9]. Researches suggest that habitual physical activity levels decreases over the lifespan, hence children are more active than adolescents and further more than adults. Hence it can be proposed that children who do not develop patterns of regular physical activity are at risk of being sedentary adults. The adequate fitness in childhood is likely to carry beneficial biological and behavioural effects into adulthood. Physically active children are more likely to become physically active adults [10]. The declined physical activity in young children today is widely noticeable; computer games and television shows are attracting childs attention and are preferred over play [11]. Chi ldren from sedentary parents are found to be comparatively more inactive then their other counter parts. The triad between physical inactivity, obesity and unhealthiness can be presumed seeing the correlation between the three. Obesity can be relate as a unforeseen trait in a number of chronic diseases and conditions in early and later life like cardiovascular and respiratory problems, insulin resistance (type II diabetes), osteoarthritis, endocrine and metabolic disorders, psychological imbalance etc [12,13]. While evidence proves that physical activity in children improves the bone strength, benefits cardiovascular system, improve glycemic control, improves metabolism, reduce the risk of specific cancers, induce positive state of well-being like self- esteem, self-efficacy, and positive mood states [14,15,16,17,18]. Studies report positive effect of exercise training on cognition in elementary school children [19]. Churchill et al., (2002) suggest improvements in cognition d ue to exercise is mainly on executive function [20]. The inclusion of a healthy dose of vigorous physical activity in schools as a part of the Educational curriculum can improve the overall development of the child. The school has emerged as a critical setting for promoting health enhancing physical activity in children [21, 22, 23, 24]. School is a universal place where every child around the world spends most of his or her time, hence is a key factor in improving physical activity in children. Studies reviewing the effect of school based interventions propose an improved level of health-related knowledge and fitness in children. But in terms of obesity prevention not much effect has been detected. However, some measure of obesity has found to be downsized. Physical education in schools is not sufficient enough to provide notable health benefits. It appears that when children are given free choice, many of them seem to be less active. In order to get the health related effects i t is important to offer skill based physical education sessions like dance, football, rugby etc where children can engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. There are evidence that proves the effect of moderate- vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in weight stability and cardiovascular health [25]. In order to improve physical activity trends in Scottish schools, a school based intervention involving primary school children was developed. The intervention was designed to encourage children to participate in physical activity like dance which is more likely to be welcomed by children of younger age group and to continue it throughout their school career. To upgrade aerobic fitness and to downgrade the fat percentile in children were among the components of the study plan. METHODOLOGY The intervention Dance Yourself Fit focuses on improving the physical activity trends in primary 4-5 school children. Since it has been presupposed that notion of play starts declining by this age. By choosing dance as the mode of exercise, the intervention aims toward enhancing the skill based physical activity in schools along with an increase in the number of physical education (PE) sessions per week. Study design and sampling The Glasgow City Council has randomly selected three primary schools from the same socioeconomic area for the study. 95 healthy 8-9 years old volunteers including 54 girls and 41 boys participated from primary 4-5 classes. The mean weight and height of the participants before the initiation of the study was 30.09 kg with 95% CI (28.428- 131.769) and 132.24 cm with 95% CI (130.75- 133.73) respectively. Each school was visited prior to the start of the study to ensure all potential volunteers, teachers and parents are fully aware of the aims of the study. The method of monitoring and assessment was explained to the students. Adjustment was made by the school to include two physical education sessions per week in their timetable. A qualified dance professional was recruited as a coach to train the students with dance. Normal and healthy is defined as those without any medical condition which can hamper their ability to participate in aerobic exercise. Physical activity and medic al questionnaire were given to the students and those considered unsuitable by the test results were excluded from the participation. Children were instructed to cease exercise if they feel any discomfort. Subjects Intervention group consists of 64 students from all the three primary schools. Control group comprise of 31 students, from one of the three randomly selected intervention schools. Children in the control group follow their normal PE sessions and physical activity and they are monitored followed by the intervention group every time the assessment is taken. The flow chart (figure: 1) represents the availability of children for measurements at each level. Consent for participation in the study was taken from the parents/guardians and the participants. Ethical approval of the study was obtained from the ethical community of the University of Glasgow. Exercise Plan Dance sessions were planned for 16 weeks, twice every week for a period of an hour/session. As per Serbescu C et. al two extra sessions of physical education per week were sufficient to obtain improvement in fitness level of the children [26]. Each dance session has a structured format commencing with 5 minutes of warm up followed by 45 minutes of moderate to high intensity dance moves with target intensity reaching up to 65-80% of maximum heart rate and a short cool down period. Measures All the measurements were taken at the baseline, intermediate (i.e. at the end of 8th week) and final levels by the well trained research staff. Comparison between the three levels was done for both the groups to judge the effectiveness of the intervention. In the intervention group, 44 children were present for baseline and final measurements, 41 for baseline and intermediate and 31 for intermediate and final measurements. Heart rate: Exercise intensity was monitored by Polar Heart Rate Monitor. Heart rate monitoring has been used successfully as a means of estimating the stress placed on the cardiopulmonary system and provides an indication of the intensity, duration and frequency of activity [27]. Heart rate monitoring belts were made to worn during the dance sessions. Data was stored in Polar performance software and analysed. Height: A portable stadiometer was used to measure height in centimeters (cm) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight: Tanita body composition analyser was used to measure weight in kilograms (kg) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Both weight and height were measured in light clothing like track pants or shorts with shoe off. Body Fat Percentage: Bioelectrical impedence, a non invasive validated procedure used for measuring body fat [28]. Tanita body composition analyser was used for the same. Houtkooper LB et al suggest that bioelectric impedence is a better test specifically for grading average adiposity in groups [29]. Cardio-respiratory Fitness: The multistage 20-meter shuttle run (MST) / bleep test / beep test was used to assess the maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). Since (VO2max) is considered as a gold standard to assess cardiovascular fitness and MST is a validated test to measure the maximal oxygen uptake [30]. Maximum oxygen carrying capacity (VO2max) and aerobic fitness are directly proportional to each other; a higher (VO2max) value indicates a better cardio respiratory fitness. The test protocol consists of 23 levels. Each level last for 1 minute and comprise of a series of laps that were ran back to forth between two lines set 20 metres apart, with a starting speed of 8.5 km/hr and increases by 0.5 km/hr at each level using a pre-recorded audio tape. A single beep indicates end of a level and three beeps indicate start of the next level. Students can walk, jog or run keeping in time with the beeps until they cannot keep in time with the speed set by the tape which is students maximal effort. MST table was used to assess the (VO2max) values [31, 32]. Statistical Analysis Paired t test was used to compare the aerobic fitness (MST score), weight, height and body fat percentile values at baseline, intermediate and final level of both the control and intervention group. Descriptive data are mean  ± SD and statistical significance was analysed at p 0.05. All analyses were performed using Minitab 15. RESULTS Completed baseline, intermediate and final data were collected from students at the beginning, post 8 weeks and post 16 weeks respectively. Out of 95, 10 students were not present on the day of baseline measurements, 13 for the intermediate and 34 for the final measurements. Height, weight, age, sex, body fat percentage, and MST score were calculated for each child. Some students had incomplete data because of absence on more than 1 day of measurement. These data were excluded from the analysis. Body Fat Percentage Final results showed an overall reduction in fat percentage. At baseline, relative to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly higher body fat percentage (4.17% higher). Comparing the baseline and final data of body fat percentage in the intervention group, a reduction in fat mass with mean of 2.57  ± SD 18.04, p value 0.35 was observed. While baseline and intermediate showed a mean difference of 3.26  ± SD 19.85, p value 0.30. An increase in fat percentile was reported from intermediate to the final results with mean -1.34  ± SD 4.75, p value 0.126. The readings of mean and SD of body fat percentage at all the three levels is given in table1. Aerobic Fitness An improvement in the Multistage Shuttle Run Test (MST) score has been observed in both the groups. At baseline, relative to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly lower aerobic capacity, but by the end of the study intervention group showed better improvement in the aerobic capacity compare to the control group. A significant improvement with p value 0.001 has been notified in the intervention group with a mean -1.71  ± SD 1.77, 95% confidence interval for mean difference was in the range of (-2.34, -1.08). The readings of mean and SD of body MST score is given in table 2. Heart rate Heart rate was monitored in all the dance sessions for the intervention group as well as the control group during their regular physical activity sessions. Comparing the results of boys from the intervention and control group a higher value of resting heart rate (HR), maximum heart rate (MHR) and average heart rate ( AHR) was reported in the pupil of the intervention group ( 126 bpm, 166 bpm, 132 bpm respectively). For the detailed report of the heart rate during the dance session refer figure: 2. Heart rate monitoring of one of the boy from the control group during the regular PE session showed following results. HR: 87 bpm, MHR: 157 bpm, AHR: 106 bpm . Refer figure: 3 for detailed picture of the heart rate during a regular physical activity session. The heart rate monitor of a girl from the intervention group showed following results. HR: 136 bpm, MHR: 193 bpm and AHR: 156 bpm. A complete range of heart rate during the dance session is given in figure: 4. Gender Difference In the intervention group at the baseline girls had significantly higher estimated body fat percentage (about 4.2 % higher) than boys. This difference in body fat % at the end of intervention went down to 2.24 %. Girls reported significant improvement in the aerobic capacity during the intervention period. Table 3 describes the individual readings of mean and SD of body fat percentage, MST and weight of boys and girls in the intervention group at baseline and final levels. Girls touched approximately 190 bpm of heart rate during the dance session which is much better then the boys MHR range during the dance session. DISCUSSION The unhealthy life style is the major risk factor for many preventive chronic diseases. Therefore the elevating sedentary behaviour in children has become a public health concern around the globe. It has been documented that improved level of exercise capacity in children confers protection against many chronic diseases with underlying risk factors like obesity [33]. Number of studies has confirmed the significance of school based intervention in promoting physical activity in children [21, 22, 23, 24]. Most of these studies involve multiple component procedure like physical activity, time spent in physical activity, dietary intake, class room education, parents involvement etc [34, 35, 36].Though, these studies were designed intensively and most of them had a long follow up period but still were not able to discover the precise factor (physical activity or dietary habits) that has the prime potential in improving the health status of the children. Further more most of these stu dies are self reporting and hence the results of such interventions can not be considered as significant. In the present study we focused on a novel school-based approach to boost the involvement of children in physical activity which can have health benefits as well as have rejoicing effect on children so that an attempt is made to gain their interest in being active. Our aim was to make the sessions so exciting that children do not find them stereotyped. Health benefits of the intervention Physical activity The intervention Dance Yourself Fit was designed to test the hypothesis that children who participated in 16 weeks of dance sessions conducted by the professional coach would report significant improvement in aerobic capacity and reduction in body fat in contrast to a control group who engaged in the regular PE sessions. In accordance with the hypothesis, the results revealed that scores of MST for children in the intervention group increased significantly following 16 weeks of training. The findings indicate reduced body fat compare to the control group at the end of the intervention as per the bioelectric impedence measurements. In this respect, the study support previously conducted study on physical activity and fitness in elementary school children (Sallis JF, McKenzie TL et al., 1997) [24] and research by Dwyer T et al in South Australia on the effect of daily physical activity in primary school children [37]. Results also support the study by Baquet G et al. (2004) that repo rted improved aerobic capacity in children following high-intensity, intermittent-running aerobic exercises [38]. In addition the methodology of the current study does not agree with the design of Wilma J et al. (2008) which has used multiple components to improve physical activity in children. The study has described a lot about the minor aspects of the intervention but has lagged behind in demonstrating the information regarding PE sessions which is an important aspect in assessing the significance of the study. However standard parameters were used to assess the results (Euro Fit test) but the outcome of the study does not transmit any statistical significance. Also the study has not reported any gender comparison on the effect of intervention which is more likely to be seen in any objectively based study [39]. Supposedly there is only handful of studies that has worked on improving the health related physical activity in children. Study by Fairclough S. J et al. (2008) is an educational based intervention on improving the health related exercise in children [40]. The study had 5 classroom sessions, were knowledge of health related benefits of exercise were given to the children. Pre and post questionnaire were given to the children and assessment was made according to the marks scored by the children. The current study does not agree with this education based intervention because it seems unconvincing that children of age group 9-10 will voluntarily engage themselves in health enhancing exercises just by the effect of 5 class room sessions.- The present study showed an overall higher aerobic fitness in boys than girls at the baseline. However, unlike other studies girls showed comparatively better improvement in fitness at the end of the intervention. Maximum Heart Rate Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) measurement was used to judge the intensity of the dance session to elicit aerobic fitness in children. The standard formula of calculating MHR is 220-age but is not preferred for pre pubertal children because their MHR generally range from 195 to 205 beats per minute and is independent of age [41]. As per the ACSM (American College Of Sports Medicine) guidelines the exercise intensity should reach 80 to 85 % of MHR to elicit cardio vascular response. The children in the intervention group reported MHR in the range of 160 to 190 bpm (approximately) which is in the range to have health benefits. In contrast to most of the studies girls surpass boys in MHR range during the intervention sessions. Body Fat Percentage Results suggested a significant increase in the weight of children in both the groups. This can be merely due to the children being at the age of pre pubertal growth spurt which leads to an increase in weight and height. Although the weight gain in children in the intervention group is comparatively lower then the control group. In respect to the measure of body fat percentage used in the current study, the findings indicate that the intervention also had positive impact on fat percentage compared to the control group. Future research is needed to understand the impact of exercise interventions on the relationship between weight status and body fat. Strength The intervention included a large study sample and the duration of the study was long enough to analyse the effectiveness of the intervention. The children were from the age group of 8-9 years (age from which decline in physical activity begins). Since the range is not vast the results are less prone to be biased. The availability of comparable data at baseline, mid and final level of the intervention was an advantage to assess the results of the intervention. Strength of this study also includes the direct measurement of VO2 max, body fat% and aerobic capacity using standard methods of assessment. Involvement of the professional coach for physical education session other then the regular PE teacher has worked as an asset for the study. The result of the study has proved the significance of MVPA in enhancing the health status of children. Limitations When interpreting our results the following limitations should be considered. In total 95 children participated in the study but only a third were present for all the three measurements. This has affected the comparative results between baseline, intermediate and final data. Least number of students was present for the final measurement which might have affected the overall outcome of the study. In the mid of the study children went for Easter vacation and no home based program was given to maintain the effect of the intervention which has shown reverse results. Our scenario here supports the study by Aaron L et al which suggested a reversed intervention effects of the school based interventions during the summer vacations [42]. The physical activity hall in most of these schools were not big enough to have one 20 m running lap as required for 20 meter shuttle run test. A to and fro of 20 m were used to assess the aerobic capacity. Therefore some variation in the readings might be possible. Future Research Despite finding that a 16 week dance intervention enhanced the aerobic fitness in children, future research is required which can prove the long term benefit of physical activity at early age. Studies are required to understand the exercise physiology of girls and boys at the pre pubertal age. Importantly effect of skill based physical education in school system need to be established. Studies are required to establish more effective strategies for encouraging health related physical activity in young children. Is concentrating on overweight or obese children for planning exercise program can be beneficial for better results? Are multiple short sessions of physical activity would be sufficient to get health related benefits compare to one long session of exercise. There are many hypotheses which need to be confirmed through more intense future researches. CONCLUSION Scotland urgently needs more research into physical inactivity and obesity along with useful data on trends in the epidemic of child obesity. The current study suggests the importance of skill based PE session along with the beneficial effect of additional physical education sessions on the health status of the children. A well planned entertaining PE session can have positive influence upon increasing physical activity levels in young children. The study also suggests that government should take steps to improve and increase the physical education in primary schools to combat physical inactivity and obesity in growing children. References www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/pa/en/. Torrance B., McGuire K.A., Lewanczuk R.. Overweight, physical activity and high blood pressure in children: a review of the literature, Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007 February; 3(1): 139à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"149. Kohl HW, Hobbs KE. 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Bullying And Its Effect On Human Behavior - 1110 Words

That is why it is important to be specific when describing what bullying is. Bullying is any aggressive behavior that takes advantage of a real or a thought to be a real power imbalance in order to humiliate, hurt, or scare another person. Hughes stated, â€Å"Three necessary elements of bullying are that the behavior (a) involves the intent to cause fear or harm, (b) is repetitious, and (c) is perpetuated by a person who holds some form of power over the person at whom the behavior is directed† (3-4). Situations need to be analyzed carefully before school officials decide whether or not it involves bullying. A person needs to post only one derogatory video about someone online to bully them, since several people have access to that video and†¦show more content†¦According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, â€Å"Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting someone’s reputation or relationships. Soc ial bullying includes: leaving someone out on purpose, telling other children not to be friends with someone, spreading rumors about someone, and embarrassing someone in public† (â€Å"Bullying Definition†). Lastly, there is also a type of bullying called cyberbullying. This type of bullying is conducted on the internet or through texting, and can involve the same behaviors as verbal and relational bullying. For example, consider what happened to a girl named Monique McClain one year. On the first day of school, Monique decided to try a new hairstyle, however she would regret that decision. Two girls named Destiny and Cheyenne began tormenting her for being a copycat due to the fact that Destiny’s cousin wore the same hairstyle. They knew Monique had not known that, but they did it anyway and before long they would start throwing objects at Monique on the bus and regularly taunting and tormenting her at every opportunity. The school did try to put a stop to it by telling the girls to stop, putting them in ISS and even arranging a peer mediation group between Monique, Destiny and Cheyenne. Nothing worked-if anything, they just made it worse thanks to the fact that Destiny and Cheyenne started calling Monique a tattletale too. Eventually,

Growth Strategy for Fly Buys New Zealand-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Growth Strategy for Fly Buys New Zealand. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the report is to propose the best suitable growth strategy for Fly Buys New Zealand. The report shall also highlight the pros and cons of the proposed strategy. Growth solutions for Fly Buys New Zealand: The loyalty bonus card has gained much popularity in the market; below are the three ways that can act as growth solution for Fly Buys: By developing an app: In the age of smart phones and apps, availability of the same benefits can act as a growing measure for this business. This is also an innovative approach (Flybuys.co.nz 2017). By expanding its loyalty programs: Although it has gained much popularity in New Zealand, it is recommended to expand its activities in other parts of the country as well. By developing a simplified way of registering and application: By the means of marketing and promotion, the popularity of the card can be made high when more people can actually register for the card. Pros and cons for your listed solutions: Pros: The availability and reaching out to the consumers will become easier and convenient with the development of the app. Users will also find it easier to use the card or the app (Ritter and Andersen 2014, 1010). Marketing will increase the popularity of the entire loyalty program. Cons: The apps might raise question on the privacy of the users. Marketing and promotion might end up in huge cost to the company. Best suitable solution: From the above mentioned solutions, developing the app and making things virtual and handy is the most desirable factor than can be applied as a part of the growth strategy of the business. In order to implement it, it is required to develop an app by using app developing software. This app should be made available in the various app download stores for iStore and Android phones (Grant 2016). Moreover, the existing consumers can be made aware of the availability of same by sending personal messages or mails to them. Conclusion: With the analysis, it can be said developing the app would be the best suitable criterion for the growth of the loyalty card References: Flybuys.co.nz 2017 Welcome to Fly Buys! Available at: https://www.flybuys.co.nz/ [Accessed on: 20-8-2017] Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Ritter, T. and Andersen, H., 2014. A relationship strategy perspective on relationship portfolios: Linking customer profitability, commitment, and growth potential to relationship strategy.Industrial Marketing Management,43(6), pp.1005-1011.

Health Of American Democracy Essay Example For Students

Health Of American Democracy Essay 4/13/04Essay No.1The United States does not have a legitimate democracy. Our societyhas gotten too far from the original idea behind democracy: One man, Onevote. In this essay I will discuss what constitutes a direct democracy asopposed to a representative democracy, the electoral collage, and the U.S. two-party system. Here in America we have a representative democracy. We vote forrepresentatives to make decisions for us. In other types of free governmentlike direct democracies, people vote directly on most issues, includingtheir leadership. Here in America an overwhelming amount of the publiccould vote for one candidate and the other guy could still win theelection. In fact in our last election the president, elect, did not earnthe popular vote. In America we elect electors for each state to vote for us. This poolof electors we call the electoral collage. Some states split their electorsvotes to go to different parties. In a state that doesnt split theirvotes, like Washington, if more than half of the electors votes aredemocrats, all of their votes are counted for the democratic candidate andvice versa. So if 49% of a state is of one party, (the losing party inthat state) they will have zero say in who the next president will be. Every four years we all have to make a decision, actually two. Should I vote this term, and do I vote for the democrat or the republican?The two candidates with a chance to win are always representing a tinypercent of the people, and the real question for most of us is: whatcandidate represents the lesser of the two evils. In other democracies whena person goes to vote for president, they can choose between manycandidates. Not only that but there vote actually counts. I believe the system that once made us all free is now being used asa tool to control a population. We have no real say in what happens here. People dont vote because their vote really doesnt mean anything. Peoplewant to believe they can make a difference, even if the obvious fact is,that they cannot.

Evaluation Of Cultural Tourism Attraction †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Evaluation Of Cultural Tourism Attraction? Answer: Introducation Cultural and heritage tourism includes all the places and landmarks which authentically associate with the history, artifacts, culture, people and stories from the past. It provides a unique experience to the visitors who can enjoy and learn about the activities related to it (Briassoulis and Van der Straaten, 2013). Cultural tourism can include cities, communities, rural areas, museums, theaters and historical places. Accounting to Global Tour, 37% of the total tourism consists of Cultural and heritage tourism. It has been attracting large number of people from different countries (Du Cros and McKercher, 2014). Furthermore, it supports sustainable growth and causes no harm to the environment. The main objective of this report is to evaluate the cultural tourism attraction from the perspective of the visitors. To accomplish this, Newcastle Memorial Walk has been included in the study. It is considered as one of the most iconic tourist attraction in Australia. The selected location has been visited multiple times as the entire interpretation of the site has been done by making observations. Apart from this, theoretical and textual material has also been used to better presentation and for understanding the cultural and heritage tourism. Newcastle Memorial Walk: Description Newcastle Memorial Walk is located at Memorial Dr, The Hill in New South Wales, Australia. The landmark has been built after years of planning and it was inaugurated on the ANZAC Gallipoli landing. The entire structure is located above 9 meters from the ground level and it provides 360 degree view from the cliff (Aitchison, MacLeod and Shaw, 2014). The cost for building Newcastle Memorial Walk was more than $4.5 million. It has been created by BHP Billiton and Newcastle City council. RPS has been supporting the Newcastle Memorial Walk and they have organized many events to promote the cultural and heritage of the country. It has been built to commemorate the soldiers and people who were involved in World War. The list and names of 3860 locals have been engraved on the steel silhouettes (Figure 2). The locals can be seen touching their relatives names. Along with this, the walkway on the cliff has many history panels which provide details of different conflicts and places. The walk is equivalent to the bridge climb of Sydney Harbor. Furthermore, the visitors have to pay nothing to visit the tourist attraction. The personal connection of the locals with the Newcastle Memorial Walk has been its key to the success (Newcastle Memorial Walk opened, 2016). Both Memorial walk and drive run parallel to each other. It has resulted in the increase of its popularity and cultural association. The coastlines, beaches, cliff, scenery and views have been additional features which have increased the value of the place. The cliff top has been restricted for the entry of the people because of coastal weather which has eroded in recent few years. But the memorial walk is safe for the public access and it remains open 24*7. The six kilometer walk appears short for the locals but it is appropriate for the locals who have little knowledge about ANZACs. They can read the information and the names on the ANZAC Memorial to understand the heritage and Australian culture. It has been a su ccessful concept which has given the city its newest experience (Newcastle Memorial Walk, 2016). The government has been promoting their new cultural tourist attraction and they have made significant improvements in it. The management has been active and they agave ensured that the visitors have no problems on the site. It has been considered as a memorable site and not a recreational facility. They have made sure that all the users are respected. The entire structure has been created from stainless steel. It includes 160 m high rocky cliff The City Council and the government have been planning to make it the most important World War 1 memorial in Australia. Memorial Drive has built to commemorate people who have served the country (Anzac walk officially open, 2016). Names of ex-servicemen and women have been engraved. Water foundations have increased the beauty and attractive of the place. It links coastline to Nobby Beach, Merewether Baths, Newcastle beaches and Bathers way. The structure has been built to cater different range of people (Briassoulis and Van der Straaten, 2013). The Council has not allowed any event to take place in the Newcastle Memorial Walk due to limited space and easy accessibility to others. There are various sing boards and informative contents to provide details of the activities and Hunter Valley men and women. Figure 1: Newcastle Memorial Walk: Map Figure 2: Informative panels Experience of the visitors The visitors have been satisfied with their experience at Newcastle Memorial Walk. It is among the most important iconic images present in the city. It is considered as a must see place in Australia which has helped in its popularity. The views are magnificent as it includes beaches, coastlines, sea and scenery (Boniface, 2013). People can watch whales and dolphins which adds more value to the place. The walk takes almost 30 minutes from the beginning till the end but many people have stayed for a long time because they were having good time with their family and friends. The most satisfying moment for the visitors is to see their family names engraved on the wall. They can relive the history and recall the sacrifices made by the soldiers and family members (Aitchison, MacLeod and Shaw, 2014). It helps in creating a personal connection with the place and it gives tribute to the people who have their names on the wall. The management has also ensured that they have provided all the in formation about the people and past events. They have informative panes and boards which provide detailed description above the cultural association and heritage. They have a list which provides the names of different conflicts and various other aspects (Du Cros and McKercher, 2014). People can be seen looking for the family names and leaving flowers for them as a tribute. Apart from this, the visit to Newcastle Memorial Walk is free of charge and it remains throughout the day. It is open for 7 days a week but may remain close due to extreme weather conditions or safety issues. The multiple visits to the tourist attraction consist of both day and night which has been spectacular. It can provide a refreshing experience to the visitor which is far more than they have anticipated. They can relax themselves and spend some quality time with their family. They can look at the fantastic view of the city, city lights, coastlines and rocky cliffs. Many people visit the place more often to en joy the winter weather and fresh air (Newcastle Memorial Walk, 2016). It provided one of the best views of the sea which makes it a great walk. The biggest advantage of Newcastle Memorial Walk is that it is suitable for all ages which make it a landmark for all. Furthermore, there are stairs, platforms and areas which are wheel chair accessible. Moreover, the wide space of the walk does not make it look overcrowded even though they are more people in the place. The locals are also friendly and lot of foreigners can be seen on the walk. The coffee shops and restaurants are also nearby which is useful for the visitors and family. Newcastle Memorial Walk encourages the people to visit again and recommend it to others. Furthermore, the Newcastle Council has ensured that they are multiple entrances to the walk. It has been designed keeping in mind the needs and preferences of the visitors (Aitchison, MacLeod and Shaw, 2014). They can enter form the parking, stairs or ramp. It has helped in enhancing the overall experience of the visitors. The popularity of the attraction has been increasing because it provides amazing views, history and unforgettable experience. Interpretation of culture and heritage Marketing: The main theme of the Newcastle Memorial Walk is based entirely on the ANZAC and soldiers. The cut outs of soldiers have been created to pay tribute to them. The names of different families have been inscribed on it which allows locals to feel their presence and contribution to the country (Newcastle Memorial Walk opened, 2016). It has attracted many local tourists who feel personally attached to the memorial. Furthermore, foreign tourist can also learn about the Australian history, culture, heritage, World War and ANZACs. The informative history panels have been placed for this purpose. It has been given in the image below which contains the details of the Australian Flying Corps. This is a great initiative from the management to disseminate the information (Aitchison, MacLeod and Shaw, 2014). Figure 3: Informative history panels Management: The management has been active and it can be seen in the designs of the memorial walk. They have excellent job in making sure that they cater to need of all the individuals including foreign visitors. It can be seen from the observation of the site that it is organized in an effective manner. The structure, design, location and views have been complementing each other. It has increased the attraction of the Memorial Walk significantly (Briassoulis and Van der Straaten, 2013). There are also many interpretative materials such as signs and tours. They have been encouraging schools and tour groups to visit the Newcastle Memorial Walk because it will increase their awareness about the culture and heritage in the country. City council has been taking active part in this. Authenticity: The government and City Council has been involved in the conduction and the designing on the Memorial Walk. They have taken the help of many historians and researchers to find out the names and the conflicts they were involved in it. The list of people on the wall can be found in Hunter Valley and Newcastle (Du Cros and McKercher, 2014). Furthermore, the records of Newcastle, Hunter Valley and Canberra have been searched to gather precise information. It has increased the authenticity of the details and names present on the walls, steel silhouettes and informative history panels. Controlled or regulated movements: The management has restricted the entry of dogs because it is considered as a Memorial Walk. Furthermore, it is not possible for them to clean the entire pathways on a regular basis. They have also placed safety signage on the site to provide safety and comfort to the people. Similarly, skateboards, bikes and events are also not allowed. Even though the site is open for the whole week including night but it can be closed by the management if the weather is not suitable. There are also signage regarding the direction and pathways at different places on the walk. The main objective of the management is to provide information about the safety measures. But they have not controlled the movement of the visitors. In fact, there are multiple entrances for them which are accessible to all users (Anzac walk officially open, 2016). Apart from this, there are boards containing the history and cultural information related to the memorial. Evaluation of the success and recommendations Measures of success of the attraction Cultural and heritage attraction: The memorial has been built to give tribute to the men and women who have served the country as well as the community (Boniface, 2013). The management has taken the help from the historians who have done extensive research in finding out the names of the people. Suitable for all ages: The idea of the government and City council was to create a structure which not only provides information about the history but also satisfies all visitors. It has been accomplished with the help of additional features on the site such as beaches, coastlines, sea and scenery. Planning for the construction: The plans for the designs, construction and accessibility have been excellent by the government. It has been observed that they have taken into account many aspects and things to make sure that it becomes the most important iconic images in the city (Newcastle Memorial Walk opened, 2016). It has been a unique concept which has been successful as it has been attracting large number of tourists which includes bother domestic as well as international. Central location: Another advantage of the site is that it is close to the city. It has many nearby attractions such as Newcastle museum, Cathedral Church, King Edward park etc. It provides more opportunity to the tourists to visit the place along with other attractions. Additional features of the attraction: Monumental walk has been supported by the additional features present on the site (Boniface, 2013). It includes rocky cliffs, beaches, coastlines, dolphins, sea etc. It has helped the government to increase the popularity of the place. Many people have visited the attraction multiple times due to this. Recommendations It is recommended to the management that they should increase the length of the walk. They can include the Newcastle beach as the starting point which can extend to King Edward Park and Bar beach. It will allow people to reach different place at ease. The main part of the Newcastle Memorial Walk is only limited to the memorial part which has to be extended by the management. Apart from this, they should also take care of the maintenance of the area. Even though they have restricted the entry of dogs but the litter can be seen which has been a major disappointment. The length of the walk has restricted the management because it becomes difficult to clean the entire walk on a daily basis. But it has to be taken into consideration by them because it can affect the experience of the visitors. Furthermore, guided tours have to be introduced for Newcastle Memorial Walk. At present, there are no guided tours which are available. The City Council has been working on it but they have not been able to extend to all the tourists. They are only restricted to schools and very limited tours. This is an area which requires attention from the management because it will help them to attract more foreign tourist. Information panels may not be as attractive as tours guides who can explain them all the details in their own language. Moreover, they can print brochures, display advertisements and guidebooks to communicate about Newcastle Memorial Walk and its attractions. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above that Newcastle Memorial Walk is a unique concept which has been created to promote culture and heritage of Australia. It has been attracting large number of people from different countries. It has been built to commemorate the soldiers and people who were involved in World War 1. The names of 3860 locals have been engraved on the steel silhouettes and the information has been displayed through information panels which have been placed at different spots. The management has ensured that Cultural, heritage attraction and authenticity of the walk remains intact. They can use advertisements, brochures, and guidebooks to attract foreign tourists. References Aitchison, C., MacLeod, N.E., Macleod, N.E. and Shaw, S.J., 2014. Leisure and tourism landscapes: Social and cultural geographies. Economics. Anzac walk officially open. 2016. [Online]. Available through: https://www.theherald.com.au/story/3035117/anzac-walk-officially-open/ [Accessed on 18h September 2017] Boniface, P., 2013. Managing quality cultural tourism. Routledge. Briassoulis, H. and Van der Straaten, J. eds., 2013. Tourism and the Accounting: regional, economic, cultural and policy issues (Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Du Cros, H. and McKercher, B., 2014. Cultural tourism. Routledge. Newcastle Memorial Walk opened. 2016. [Online]. Available through: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-24/newcastle27s-memorial-walk-to-be-officially-opened/6417510 [Accessed on 18h September 2017] Newcastle Memorial Walk. 2016. [Online]. Available through: https://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/Explore/Things-to-do/Walking-cycling/Newcastle-memorial-walk [Accessed on 18h September 2017]

Rethorical free essay sample

Rhetoric is the art of using language to communicate effectively and persuasively. Authors often use rhetoric to convey a message to their audience via the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. Serving in Florida is an essay written by Barbara Ehrenreich that is a first-hand experience by the author in the world of working minimum age jobs. The author tried to balance two low paying jobs in order to make ends meet. This paper will discuss how Ehrenreich mainly uses pathos, or the emotional appeal, in her essay to persuade young adults to go to college and strive for high paying jobs. Author Barbara Ehrenreich uses ethos, the ethical appeal as the secondary rhetorical appeal in her essay to convince her readers that she is indeed a credible author. The rhetorical situation in a rhetorical essay focuses mainly on three things: the audience, the author’s purpose, and the context of the text. We will write a custom essay sample on Rethorical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Firstly, the audience of Serving in Florida will be evaluated. Teenagers and young adults are the two main age groups of Ehrenreich’s intended audience. That specific age group faces many challenges from whether or not to graduate high school to whether or not to go to college. Ehrenreich chose this audience because persons belonging to this age group are old enough to understand the consequences of their life choice. In contrast, persons of this age group are still young enough to make naive mistakes. This directs the attention toward the author’s purpose. The second ingredient of a rhetorical situation is the author’s purpose. Ehrenreich’s purpose in her research and writing is to effectively persuade young adults to go to college and strive for more then minimum wage in their lives. Her essay is based on her personal experience while working undercover in low paying jobs in Florida. The author endured this â€Å"experience† in order to get a better understanding of the topic and to connect with her readers in a more effective, truthful way. Ehrenreich’s main goal in writing her essay is to inform readers that life is hard for a low paid working class American. In addition, the author’s purpose is to persuade young adults that settling for a minimum wage job is not their only option, and that everyone has the opportunity to succeed in society. This leads to the third and final aspect of the rhetorical situation: context. A social context revolves around Ehrenreich’s essay. The author shows that with low paying jobs, it is hard for one to provide for oneself. There are three main rhetorical appeals: ethical, emotional, and logical. The three are commonly referred to as ethos, pathos, and logos. Ehrenreich’s essay Serving in Florida highlights one primary rhetorical appeal: pathos, and one secondary rhetorical appeal: ethos. The primary rhetorical appeal chosen by Ehrenreich, pathos, focuses mainly on the audience. The emotional appeal of any work appeals to the audience’s emotions using one or more emotional strategies. In Serving in Florida, Ehrenreich appealed to her audience’s emotions using four main strategies that will be discussed later. Authors use pathos to reach their audience on a deeper, more personal level. Ehrenreich’s secondary rhetorical appeal highlighted in Serving in Florida is ethos, the ethical appeal. Ethos focuses mainly on the author. This appeal studies an author’s credibility, knowledge, character, and confidence. When used correctly, ethos will assist an author in making his or her audience feel the same as he or she. Because Ehrenreich experienced life working minimum wage jobs, her credibility in writing this essay is indisputable. She paints a realistic picture of what life working more than one low paying job is really like, and her readers can feel the emotion pouring out of the essay. Ehrenreich presents herself in a good way meaning that she is not narrow-minded on the subject of poverty because she experienced it herself. Research prevents an author from being a biased source of knowledge. Ehrenreich easily appeals to her audience because she is confident in her writing. Her experience provides reason for her audience to be as confident in her writing as she is. Like previously stated, the author of Serving in Florida uses three of the many emotional strategies to appeal to her audience’s emotions. They include narration, personal experience, and empathy. There are many strategies that Ehrenreich could have used, but she chose these three because they are the most helpful in appealing to the audience’s emotion. Firstly, Ehrenreich utilizes the advantages of narration. She narrates her experiences and vividly describes what she endured during her undercover research. The first person point of view that she uses assists her in delivering her message to young adults with a more credible sense. Narration is a good vehicle for conveying an author’s understandings to his or her readers. The second strategy Ehrenreich uses to appeal to her audience’s emotions is personal experience. Her use of personal experience not only provides credibility, but it helps the reader relate more to the message provided by the essay. The author of Serving in Florida witnessed first-hand what it is like to work more than one minimum wage job trying to make ends meet, and her experience is what convinces an audience of the truth of her claims. In addition, with the use of Ehrenreich’s personal experience, her audience is more likely to feel the same pain that she felt during her investigations. This leads to Ehrenreich’s third strategy. In addition to narration and personal experience, author Ehrenreich uses empathy to also appeal to her audience’s emotions. The author can easily gain an audience’s sympathy in describing the struggles she faced during her research. Ehrenreich explains the difficulty of accomplishing everyday tasks like buying a decent meal or a new uniform. Young adults can relate to this because most college and high school students do face the same struggles of being on a limited income, whether it is because they work only part-time or rely on their parents for financial support. Either way, readers feel the struggles that Ehrenreich faced, and thus sympathize with her. In using these three main strategies to appeal to her audience’s emotions, Ehrenreich has succeeded in conveying her message in a way that her audience can relate to. In conclusion, author Barbara Ehrenreich appeals to her audience by using a primary and secondary rhetorical appeal. The primary appeal, pathos, or the emotional appeal, reaches the audience on an emotional level, helping them relate to Ehrenreich and the struggles she faced during her research. The author used three emotional strategies to assist her in doing so. They include: narration, personal experience, and empathy. The secondary appeal used by Ehrenreich is ethos, the ethical appeal. This appeal focuses mainly on the author’s credibility and character. It is obvious that Ehrenreich is credible because her facts were obtained via personal experience. She is confident her in writing, therefore her readers will feel the same way. Ehrenreich effectively utilizes two rhetorical appeals in her essay Serving in Florida to persuade and appeal to her audience.